World & European History

Las preguntas del cuestionario

1. 1. This question refers to the following information.
   No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4 billion strong.
   Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955
   The passage above is most associated with which of the following developments?
   1. The formation of the non-aligned movement
   2. Global disarmanent and nuclear non-proliferation
   3. The Green Revolution in agriculture
   4. Mobilization of pan-Asian ideology
2. 2. This question refers to the following information.
   Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China
   In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.
   The argument in this passage most closely relates to which of the following large-scale questions about global history?
   1. How societies shared strategically important technologies with each other
   2. Why European states went on to attain military superiority over non-Western powers in the modern era
   3. Why Silk Road commerce dwindled across the breadth of Eurasia after 1500 C.E.
   4. How the medieval climatic optimum affected the process of cultural diffusion
3. 3. This question refers to the following information.
   The city of Ghana consists of two towns. One is inhabited by Muslims and has twelve mosques, salaried imams and muezzins, and jurists and scholars. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. . . . The king's interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. Only royalty may wear sewn clothes. All other people wear robes of cotton, silk, or brocade, according to their means. . . . The king adorns himself like a woman, wearing necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms. . . . He sits . . . in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses. When people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their heads, for this is their way of greeting him. As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands. [The people's] religion is paganism and the worship of idols. . . . On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar, and two dinars when it is sent out. From a load of copper the king's due is five mithqals, and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. . . . The nuggets found in all the mines of his country are reserved for the king, only this gold dust being left for the people. But for this the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which was sincerely attached to Islam, while the common people of his kingdom remained polytheists. Since then their rulers have been given the title of al-musulmani .
   —The Book of Routes and Realms , by Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, eleventh-century Muslim historian and geographer
   What evidence is there in the passage that Ghanians were engaged, directly or indirectly, in trade with Asia?
   1. They kept horses in their court, which would have come from the Mongols.
   2. The Ghanian king had adopted the Chinese tradition of the kow-tow .
   3. The king adorned himself with gold and jewels, probably from India.
   4. The people in his court wore silk robes.
4. 4. This question refers to the following information.
   No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4 billion strong.
   Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955
   Like numerous other leaders in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, Sukarno attempted, but did not completely succeed, in maintaining a neutral stance during
   1. the Arab-Israeli conflict.
   2. the Korean War.
   3. the Cold War.
   4. the Vietnam conflicts.
5. 5. This question refers to the following information.
   Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.
   —Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s
   How did the events depicted here affect Koreans?
   1. They became a part of Japan’s territory.
   2. The Americans established freedom for all Koreans.
   3. The Korean economy never recovered.
   4. Korea remains divided into two nations near the 38th parallel.
6. 6. This question refers to the following information.
   Both authors below were speaking of the French Revolution.
   It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.
   There were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face, on the throne of England; there were a king with a large jaw and a queen with a fair face, on the throne of France. In both countries it was clearer than crystal . . . that things in general were settled for ever.
   —A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens
   Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven.
   —The Prelude, by William Wordsworth
   Dickens's and Wordsworth's differing views about the French Revolution can be described, respectively, by which of the following adjectives?
   1. Optimistic, encouraged
   2. Understanding, accepting
   3. Cynical, enthusiastic
   4. Sincere, resigned
7. 7. This question refers to the following information.
   Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!
   Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791
   The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.
   Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence
   Which of the following observations about revolutions and gender is best supported by the first passage?
   1. Revolutionary progressivism does not always concern itself with gender equality.
   2. Women typically assume leadership roles during times of revolution.
   3. Women rarely support revolutions and therefore receive little benefit from them.
   4. Revolutionary movements are generally uninterested in women's rights.
8. 8. This question refers to the following information.
   "The question as to who, and what, is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels. Firstly, the answer is that the operation of the imperialist system bears major responsibility for African economic retardation by draining African wealth and by making it impossible to develop more rapidly the resources of the continent. Secondly, one has to deal with those who manipulate the system and those who are either agents or unwitting accomplices of the said system. The capitalists of Western Europe were the ones who actively extended their exploitation from inside Europe to cover the whole of Africa."
   Walter Rodney, historian, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1974
   Which of the following best explains the importance of trading contacts with Europeans for Sub-Saharan Africans in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?
   1. Sub-Saharan Africans relied on European merchants to sustain population growth through the constant importation of New World foodstuffs.
   2. Sub-Saharan Africans consolidated new states and kingdoms by trading with the Europeans for firearms.
   3. Sub-Saharan Africans depended on European merchants as the sole purchasers of slaves.
   4. Sub-Saharan Africans allied with European powers to evict Muslim and Arab merchant princes from encroaching on their sovereignty.
9. 9. This question refers to the following information.
   Source 1:
   "It is impossible to demand that an impossible position should be cleared up by peaceful revision and at the same time constantly reject peaceful revision. It is also impossible to say that he who undertakes to carry out these revisions for himself transgresses a law, since the Versailles "Diktat" is not law to us. A signature was forced out of us with pistols at our head and with the threat of hunger for millions of people. And then this document, with our signature, obtained by force, was proclaimed as a solemn law."
   Adolf Hitler, speech to the Reichstag, September 1, 1939
   Source 2:
   "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."
   Winston Churchill, speech before Parliament, June 4, 1940
   What is the historical background for Adolf Hitler's condemnation of the Treaty of Versailles mentioned in Source 1?
   1. Hitler's belief that Poland's territorial borders should not be violated
   2. A rising intolerance of ethnic and political minority groups
   3. A widespread belief in Germany that it had been unfairly treated at the end of World War I
   4. Hitler's attempted collaboration with Italian leader Benito Mussolini
10. 10. This question refers to the following information.
    In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.
    British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860
    Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.
    Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990
    According to the second passage, the Cawnpore
    1. was justifiable according to local military custom, even if it violated Western military norms.
    2. can be viewed as a reaction to the systemic brute force with which the British governed India.
    3. should be praised as a brave patriotic blow against British colonial oppression.
    4. seems to have been the product of a well-organized and long-premeditated conspiracy.
11. 11. This question refers to the following information.
    The passage below is taken from testimony before Parliament.
    Joshua Drake, called in; and Examined.
    You say you would prefer moderate labour and lower wages; are you pretty comfortable upon your present wages?
    —I have no wages, but two days a week at present; but when I am working at some jobs we can make a little, and at others we do very poorly.
    When a child gets 3s. a week, does that go much towards its subsistence?
    —No, it will not keep it as it should do.
    Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked?
    —Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work.
    Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it was not from necessity?
    —No.
    —Testimony given before the Sadler Committee, 1831–32
    According to the passage, why does the witness allow his children to work in a place where they will be ill-treated?
    1. A factory owner is forcing him to do so.
    2. He doesn’t earn enough on his own.
    3. The children need discipline.
    4. Their labor is only moderately difficult.
12. 12. This question refers to the following information.
    Bonesteel's prime consideration was to establish a surrender zone as far north as he thought the Soviets would accept. He knew that the Russian troops could reach the southern tip of Korea before American troops could arrive. He also knew that the Russians were on the verge of moving into Korea, or were already there. The nearest American troops to Korea were on Okinawa, 600 miles away. His problem, therefore, was to compose a surrender arrangement which, while acceptable to the Russians, would at the same time prevent them from seizing all of Korea. If they refused to confine their advance to north Korea, the United States would be unable to stop them. . . . He decided to use the 38th parallel as a hypothetical line dividing the zones within which Japanese forces in Korea would surrender to appointed American and Russian authorities.
    —Adapted from U.S. Army Lt. Paul C. McGrath's account of Colonel Bonesteel's decision in the 1940s
    Which best describes the relationship between the United States and the Soviets as depicted in the passage?
    1. Uneasy allies
    2. Comrades-in-arms
    3. Mortal enemies
    4. Distant strangers
13. 13. This question refers to the following information.
    "My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."
    Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879
    Incidents such as those described by the author of the letter were used by the British government to do which of the following?
    1. Issue a casus belli to go to war with the Kingdom of Zulu
    2. Tax the Zulu kingdom to cover damages attributed to them
    3. Sever its responsibility to protect citizens who chose to live in South Africa
    4. Liberate the Zulus from British colonialism
14. 14. This question refers to the following information.
    "The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world. A Union of African states will project more effectively the African personality. It will command respect from a world that has regard only for size and influence. The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N. in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers."
    Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian leader, 1961
    Nkrumah's argument in the passage most clearly supports which of the following ideologies?
    1. Pan-Africanism
    2. Communism
    3. African socialism
    4. Neocolonialism
15. 15. This question refers to the following information.
    "The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."
    Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955
    Which of the following best explains Mao's concept of the "socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture" in China?
    1. Agriculture fueled industrialization in cities as excess labor flowed from the countryside to urban centers.
    2. Agricultural surpluses allowed the state to invest more heavily in modernizing agricultural production.
    3. Agricultural efficiency reduced prices of basic commodities, raising the standard of living across the whole of China.
    4. Agriculture was collectivized, with the result that entire communities shared fields instead of individuals owning the land as private property.
16. 16. This question refers to the following information.
    In order to make the title of this discourse generally intelligible, I have translated the term "Protoplasm," which is the scientific name of the substance of which I am about to speak, by the words "the physical basis of life." I suppose that, to many, the idea that there is such a thing as a physical basis, or matter, of life may be novel—so widely spread is the conception of life as something which works through matter. … Thus the matter of life, so far as we know it (and we have no right to speculate on any other), breaks up, in consequence of that continual death which is the condition of its manifesting vitality, into carbonic acid, water, and nitrogenous compounds, which certainly possess no properties but those of ordinary matter.
    Thomas Henry Huxley, "The Physical Basis of Life," 1868
    From the passage, one may infer that Huxley argued that "life" was
    1. a force that works through matter
    2. essentially a philosophical notion
    3. merely a property of a certain kind of matter
    4. a supernatural phenomenon
17. 17. This question refers to the following information.
    Read the the following quotation to answer questions.
    The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosopher as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.
    Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1788
    Gibbon's interpretation of the state of religious worship in ancient Rome could be summarized as
    1. In ancient Rome, religious worship was decentralized and tended to vary with one's social position.
    2. In ancient Rome, religious worship was the source of much social tension and turmoil.
    3. In ancient Rome, religious worship was homogeneous and highly centralized.
    4. In ancient Rome, religious worship was revolutionized by the introduction of Christianity.
18. 18. This question refers to the following information.
    The following quote is from Voltaire in response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
    My dear sir, nature is very cruel. One would find it hard to imagine how the laws of movement cause such frightful disasters in the best of possible worlds. A hundred thousand ants, our fellows, crushed all at once in our ant-hill, and half of them perishing, no doubt in unspeakable agony, beneath the wreckage from which they cannot be drawn. Families ruined all over Europe, the fortune of a hundred businessmen, your compatriots, swallowed up in the ruins of Lisbon. What a wretched gamble is the game of human life! What will the preachers say, especially if the palace of the Inquisition is still standing? I flatter myself that at least the reverend father inquisitors have been crushed like others. That ought to teach men not to persecute each other, for while a few holy scoundrels burn a few fanatics, the earth swallows up one and all.
    —Voltaire, in a letter, 1755
    The ideas expressed by Voltaire, above, best illustrate which of the following characteristics of Enlightenment intellectuals?
    1. Many were accomplished scientists, who added important pieces to human understanding of the universe.
    2. They utilized new methods of communicating their ideas, such as salons and inexpensive printed pamphlets.
    3. Most rejected religion altogether and adopted atheism as the only credo of a rational man.
    4. Many believed that the new scientific discoveries justified a more tolerant and objective approach to social and cultural issues.
19. 19. This question refers to the following information.
    Read the following memoir.
    Not only did he expect all persons of distinction to be in continual attendance at Court, but he was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degree; at his lever, his couches, his meals, in the gardens of Versailles (the only place where the courtiers in general were allowed to follow him), he used to cast his eyes to right and left; nothing escaped him[;] he saw everybody. If anyone habitually living at Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; anyone who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure. If asked to bestow a favor on such persons he would reply haughtily: "I do not know him"; of such as rarely presented themselves he would say, "He is a man I never see"; and from these judgments there was no appeal.
    No one understood better than Louis XIV the art of enhancing the value of a favor by his manner of bestowing it; he knew how to make the most of a word, a smile, even of a glance.
    He loved splendor, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain his favor, perhaps to obtain the honor of a word from him. Motives of policy had something to do with this; by making expensive habits the fashion, and, for people in a certain position, a necessity, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced them to depend on his bounty for the means of subsistence.
    —Duke Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and His Regency, c. 1750
    Which of the following is the best explanation of the bias found in the document above?
    1. The duke, as a member of the French nobility, is sympathetic to King Louis.
    2. The duke, as a member of the French nobility, is biased against the king because of his suppression of the nobility.
    3. The duke, as a member of the French nobility, supported the extension of the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population.
    4. The duke, as a member of the French nobility, supported King Louis's preservation of the aristocracy's social position and legal privileges, while he removed their power.
20. 20. This question refers to the following information.
    For the catastrophe of 1914 the Germans are responsible. … Germany, in this matter, was unfortunate enough to allow herself (in spite of her skill at dissimulation) to be betrayed into an excess of candour by her characteristic tendency to go to extremes. Deutschland über alles. Germany above everything! … There you have the ultimate framework of an old but childish race.
    Georges Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory, 1930
    From the passage, one may infer that Clemenceau believed
    1. that the lyrics from the popular song Deutschland über alles (which eventually became the German national anthem) were the reason Germany started the war
    2. that the lyrics from the popular song Deutschland über alles (which eventually became the German national anthem) were evidence of Germany's aggressive attitude
    3. that the reason Germany lost the war was that it was betrayed from within
    4. that Germany provided the ultimate framework for modern warfare
21. 21. This question refers to the following information.
    In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…
    "Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."
    Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.
    His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:
    "Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."
    émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885
    A nineteenth-century Russian historian evaluating this passage would probably be most intereste
    1. the Russian interest in French culture
    2. the spirit of camaraderie amongst the miners
    3. the sense of continual class struggle
    4. the need for noblesse oblige
22. 22. This question refers to the following information.
    Florence is more beautiful and five hundred forty years older than your Venice. … We have round about us thirty thousand estates, owned by nobleman and merchants, citizens and craftsman, yielding us yearly bread and meat, wine and oil, vegetables and cheese, hay and wood, to the value of nine thousand ducats in cash. … We have two trades greater than any four of yours in Venice put together—the trades wool and silk. … Our beautiful Florence contains within the city … two hundred seventy shops belonging to the wool merchant's guild, from whence their wares are sent to Rome and the Marches, Naples and Sicily, Constantinople … and the whole of Turkey. It contains also eighty-three rich and splendid warehouses of the silk merchant's guild.
    Benedetto Dei, "Letter to a Venetian," 1472
    From the passage, one may argue that wealth in Renaissance Italy was measured in
    1. the size of landed estates
    2. the number of estates owned by an individual
    3. the monetary value of goods
    4. the amount of gold held
23. 23. This question refers to the following information.
    The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.
    Source 1
    Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.
    —Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493
    Source 2
    It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very bri
    1. De las Casas was exaggerating to support the start of African slavery.
    2. Columbus was biased in favor of himself in his writings.
    3. Columbus's men were nicer to the natives than were later expeditions.
    4. De las Casas wanted the Spanish to leave the Americas.
24. 24. This question refers to the following information.
    Read the the following petition to answer questions.
    The Scribbling-Machines have thrown thousands of your petitioners out of employ, whereby they are brought into great distress, and are not able to procure a maintenance for their families, and deprived them of the opportunity of bringing up their children to labour. … The number of Scribbling-Machines extending about seventeen miles south-west of Leeds exceed all belief, being no less than one hundred and seventy! And as each machine will do as much work in twelve hours, as ten men can in that time do by hand, … [And, as the machines do] as much work in one day as would otherwise employ twenty men, … [a] full four thousand men are left to shift for a living how they can, and must of course fall to the Parish, if not timely relieved. … How are those men, thus thrown out of employ to provide for their families; and what are they to put their children apprentice to, that the rising generation may have something to keep them at work, in order that they may not be like vagabonds strolling about in idleness? … Many more evils we could enumerate, but we would hope, that the sensible part of mankind, who are not biased by interest, must see the dreadful tendency of their continuance; a depopulation must be the consequence; trade being then lost, the landed interest will have no other satisfaction but that of being last devoured.
    Leeds Woolen Workers Petition, 1786
    This document can be used as evidence for
    1. the spread of revolutionary ideas among the British working class in the eighteenth century
    2. the rise of the Luddite movement in Britain in the eighteenth century
    3. the replacing of traditional laborers by machines in the industrialization of Britain in the eighteenth century
    4. an increase in the use of child labor in eighteenth-century Britain
25. 25. This question refers to the following information.
    Florence is more beautiful and five hundred forty years older than your Venice. … We have round about us thirty thousand estates, owned by nobleman and merchants, citizens and craftsman, yielding us yearly bread and meat, wine and oil, vegetables and cheese, hay and wood, to the value of nine thousand ducats in cash. … We have two trades greater than any four of yours in Venice put together—the trades wool and silk. … Our beautiful Florence contains within the city … two hundred seventy shops belonging to the wool merchant's guild, from whence their wares are sent to Rome and the Marches, Naples and Sicily, Constantinople … and the whole of Turkey. It contains also eighty-three rich and splendid warehouses of the silk merchant's guild.
    Benedetto Dei, "Letter to a Venetian," 1472
    The passage may be used as evidence for the existence of which of the following Renaissance cultural characteristics?
    1. Pride in the mastery of the military arts
    2. Chivalry
    3. Civic pride
    4. Patronage of the arts
26. 26. This question refers to the following information.
    The assumption by a government of the office of Reliever-general to the poor is necessarily forbidden by the principle that a government cannot rightly do anything more than protect. In demanding from a citizen contributions for the mitigation of distress … the state is … reversing its function. … To enforce the fundamental law—to take care that every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man. … [But that] is quite a separate thing from insuring him satisfaction. …
    The poverty of the incapable, the distresses that come upon the imprudent, the starvation of the idle, and those shoulderings aside of the weak by the strong … are the decrees of a large, farseeing benevolence. … When regarded not separately, but in connection with the interests of universal humanity, these harsh fatalities are seen to be full of the highest beneficence.
    Herbert Spencer, Social Statistics: Survival of the Fittest Applied to Humankind, 1851
    From the passage, one may infer that Spencer advocated which social philosophy?
    1. Utopian socialism
    2. Social conservatism
    3. Romanticism
    4. Social Darwinism
27. 27. This question refers to the following information.
    Read the following governmental regulation.
    Press Law
    So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of the union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials. Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union. . . . Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which the honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked. . . .
    —Carlsbad Resolutions adopted by the Germanic States, 1819
    The Carlsbad Resolutions were another of Metternich's schemes, like the Concert of Europe, which aimed to accomplish which of the following?
    1. Establish control of European states by democracy in the tradition of the Enlightenment.
    2. Suppress all voices in government other than his own and control all aspects of his citizens' lives.
    3. Suppress all nationalist revolutions across the continent.
    4. Suppress all speech but that of monarchs and the churches that they approve of.
28. 28. This question refers to the following information.
    In Russia there was nothing going on well, and [Souvarine] was in despair over the news he had received. His old companions were all turning to the politicians; the famous Nihilists who made Europe tremble-sons of village priests, of the lower middle class, of tradesmen-could not rise above the idea of national liberation, and seemed to believe that the world would be delivered-when they had killed their despot&…
    "Foolery! They'll never get out of it with their foolery."
    Then, lowering his voice still more, in a few bitter words he described his old dream of fraternity. He had renounced his rank and his fortune; he had gone among workmen, only in the hope of seeing at last the foundation of a new society of labour in common. All the sous in his pockets had long gone to the urchins of the settlement; he had been as tender as a brother with the colliers, smiling at their suspicion, winning them over by his quiet workmanlike ways and his dislike of chattering. But decidedly the fusion had not taken place.
    His voice changed, his eyes grew bright, he fixed them on étienne, directly addressing him:
    "Now, do you understand that? These hatworkers at Marseilles who have won the great lottery prize of a hundred thousand francs have gone off at once and invested it, declaring that they are going to live without doing anything! Yes, that is your idea, all of you French workmen; you want to unearth a treasure in order to devour it alone afterwards in some lazy, selfish corner. You may cry out as much as you like against the rich, you haven't got courage enough to give back to the poor the money that luck brings you. You will never be worthy of happiness as long as you own anything, and your hatred of the bourgeois proceeds solely from an angry desire to be bourgeois yourselves in their place."
    émile Zola, French writer, Germinal, 1885
    The radical movement known as anarchism, alluded to in the first paragraph, had been related to
    1. the International Workingman's Association
    2. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
    3. the Congress of Vienna
    4. the Paris Commune
29. 29. This question refers to the following information.
    Read the documents below.
    Source 1
    If then by the Use of Machines, the Manufacture of Cotton, an Article which we import, and are supplied with from other Countries, and which can everywhere be procured on equal Terms, has met with such amazing Success, may not greater Advantages be reasonably expected from cultivating to the utmost the Manufacture of Wool, the Produce of our own Island, an Article in Demand in all Countries, almost the universal Clothing of Mankind?
    In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its-first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them.
    —Statement by the Cloth Merchants of Leeds, 1791
    Source 2
    Come, cropper lads of high renown,
    Who love to drink good ale that's brown,
    And strike each haughty tyrant down,
    With hatchet, pike, and gun!
    Oh, the cropper lads for me,
    The gallant lads for me,
    Who with lusty stroke,
    The shear frames broke,
    The cropper lads for me!
    What though the specials still advance,
    And soldiers nightly round us prance;
    The cropper lads still lead the dance,
    With hatchet, pike, and gun!
    Oh, the cropper lads for me,
    The gallant lads for me,
    Who with lusty stroke
    The shear frames broke,
    The cropper lads for me!
    —Luddite Song, The Cropper's Song, c. 1812
    Which of the following economic theories is Source 1 above referencing in support of the expansion and use of machines?
    1. Laissez-faire capitalism
    2. Mercantilism
    3. Industrialization
    4. Bullionism
30. 30. This question refers to the following information.
    "A specter is haunting Europe-the specter of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French radicals and German police spies.
    Two things result from this fact.
    I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be in itself a power.
    II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself."
    Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848
    In this passage, Marx and Engels seem to be chiefly preoccupied with
    1. provoking fear to drive their readers to action
    2. attacking the extreme communists who threatened to sink the entire movement
    3. demonstrating the understanding of the others in point of fact
    4. explaining the reasons for debunking opponents of communism

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